Naphazoline
JFDA label: NAZOLIN NASAL DROPS
Mechanism of Action
Naphazoline: Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors in the arterioles of the conjunctiva to produce vasoconstriction. Pheniramine: Inhibits the effect of histamine on conjunctival epithelial cells by preventing its release from mast cells.
Indications
Approved
- Ocular itching/redness
Contraindications
Source: Lexicomp
- OTC labeling: When used for self-medication, do not use if you have hypersensitivity to naphazoline, pheniramine, or any component of the formulation Absolute
Adverse Reactions
Nervous system disorders (1)
Not Known Tingling sensation (eye)
Eye disorders (1)
Not Known Mydriasis
Dosing
Source: Lexicomp
Warnings & Precautions
Source: Lexicomp
Ocular effects
Pupils may become enlarged with use; temporary light sensitivity may occur. Brief tingling after administration may occur. Disease-related concerns:
Cardiovascular disease
Use naphazoline with caution in patients with cardiovascular abnormalities or hypertension.
Diabetes
Use naphazoline with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Hyperthyroidism
Use naphazoline with caution in patients with hyperthyroidism.
Infection/injury
Use naphazoline with caution in patients with local infection or injury. Concurrent drug therapy issues:
Drug-drug interactions
Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information. Dosage form specific issues:
Benzalkonium chloride
May contain benzalkonium chloride which may be absorbed by soft contact lenses. Other warnings/precautions:
Appropriate use
For ophthalmic use only. Inadvertent contamination of multiple-dose ophthalmic solutions, has caused bacterial keratitis; avoid contamination.
Self-medication (OTC use)
When used for self-medication (OTC), patients with narrow-angle glaucoma or prostatic hyperplasia should consult health care provider before use. Do not use >72 hours; overuse may cause more eye redness. Notify healthcare provider if eye pain or vision changes occur or if redness or irritation gets worse or lasts >72 hours. Do not use with contact lenses. Do not use if solution changes color or becomes cloudy.
Accidental ingestion
Accidental ingestion by children of over-the-counter (OTC) imidazoline-derivative eye drops and nasal sprays may result in serious harm. Serious adverse reactions (eg, coma, bradycardia, respiratory depression, sedation) requiring hospitalization have been reported in children ≤5 years of age who had ingested even small amounts (eg, 1 to 2 mL). Contact a poison control center and seek emergency medical care immediately for accidental ingestion (FDA Drug Safety Communication 2012).
Pregnancy & Lactation
Pregnancy
Chemistry & Properties
| Formula | C14H14N2 |
|---|---|
| Molecular weight | 210.28 g/mol |
| IUPAC name | 2-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole |
| CAS | 835-31-4 |
| PubChem CID | 4436 |
| InChIKey | CNIIGCLFLJGOGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| logP | 2.38 (XLogP 2.1) |
| Polar surface area | 24.39 Ų |
| H-bond acceptors / donors | 2 / 1 |
| Drug-likeness (QED) | 0.81 |
| Lipinski violations | 0 |
SMILES
c1ccc2c(CC3=NCCN3)cccc2c1Biology & Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
| BBB penetrant | No |
|---|
Enzyme interactions
| Enzyme | Role | Detail |
|---|---|---|
| CYP1A2 | Substrate | — |
| CYP2C19 | Substrate | — |
| CYP2D6 | Inhibitor | — |
| CYP2D6 | Substrate | — |
| CYP3A4 | Substrate | — |
Receptor binding (top 6)
| Target | Action | Affinity |
|---|---|---|
| α2A-adrenoceptor (ADRA2A) | Agonist | pIC50 7.8 |
| α2C-adrenoceptor (ADRA2C) | Agonist | pEC50 7.7 |
| α2C-adrenoceptor (ADRA2C) | Agonist | pIC50 7.1 |
| α2A-adrenoceptor (ADRA2A) | Agonist | pKi 7.0 |
| α1A-adrenoceptor (ADRA1A) | Agonist | pKi 6.5 |
| α2C-adrenoceptor (ADRA2C) | Agonist | pKi 6.4 |
Transporters
BCRP (Inhibitor)BSEP (Inhibitor)BSEP (Inhibitor)MRP1 (Inhibitor)OATP1B1 (Inhibitor)OATP1B3 (Inhibitor)OATP1B3 (Inhibitor)P-gp (Inhibitor)P-gp (Substrate)
Registered Products (8)
| Brand | Form / strength | Pack | Agent | Citizen (JOD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAZOLIN NASAL DROPS | Nasal Spray 0.5 %, 0.25 % | 10 ml | Dar Al Dawa Development and Investment Co Ltd/Jordan | 0.500 |
| Ophtazolin Eye Drops | Ophthalmic Solution 0.5 %, 0.025 % | 10 ml | Dar Al Dawa Development and Investment Co Ltd/Jordan | 0.600 |
| DOTT ALLERGY Eyes eye/nose drops | Ophthalmic Solution 0.25 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml | 10 ml | Amman Pharmaceutical Indusries | 0.670 |
| DOTT Clear EYES Eye Drops | Ophthalmic Solution 0.025 %, 0.3 % | 15 ml | Amman Pharmaceutical Industries Co | 1.200 |
| Naphcon Forte Eye Drops | Ophthalmic Solution 0.1 % | 15 ml | Modern Drug Store | 1.310 |
| Naphcon A Eye Drops | Ophthalmic Solution 0.025 %, 0.3 % | 15 ml | Modern Drug Store | 1.500 |
| Apillerg eye drops | Ophthalmic Solution 0.04 %, 0.05 % | 10 ml | Amman Pharmaceutical Industries Co | 1.560 |
| Trillerg | Solution 0.4 mg/1 ml, 0.5 mg/1 ml | 10 ml | Nabulsi Drug Store | 1.560 |